A Lovers Quarrel Essays - Quarrel, , Term Papers

A Lover's Quarrel A Lover's Quarrel is a sonnet around two sweethearts who had an extremely extraordinary and one of a kind bond. They would spend unlimited days together, cheerful and being a tease totally enamored. It clarifies the subtleties of their sentiment. They would grasp, and Browning talked about how delightful she was. At that point, the sonnet tragic developments and things went seriously for the couple. A battle happened and Browning missed her so. A quarter of a year prior to hand, all turned out badly. The specific subject was the disintegration of an upbeat and ideal couple. How one could go from being upbeat to being discouraged and hopeless. There was utilization of scholarly gadgets utilized in this sonnet. One of which was metaphor. Paven smooth as a loner's phone; This is an away from of how delicate and caring his darling was. Analogy was additionally utilized in the accompanying statement: Foul be the world or reasonable is looking at the abhorrence and contempt of the world to a similar inclination which Browning had after he and his sweetheart fought. This connects to Profyria's Lover in light of the fact that both the two sonnets close in being without the other darling. In spite of the fact that their affection for each other was profound and significant, the endings were both not ending in being content.

Exhibition Essay

Presentation â€Å"A great show program will sell itself. The cash spent on showcasing would be better spent on the presentation themselves† In the business condition, there is a great deal of rivalry that each business faces in its everyday activities. This implies if a business can't stay aware of the opposition or beat its rivals then there is a high probability of it falling, something that will exceptionally cost the speculators. In this way, every business must guarantee that it can meet its principle target which by and large is to make and expand benefits through high deals. To accomplish higher or expanded deals, business financial specialists can apply different procedures of winning clients and conquering the hardened rivalry in the business condition. For a business to have the option to achieve higher or increment in deals and acquire more clients who will thus result into higher benefits for the business, the financial specialists can apply showcasing procedure as a type of making their items known to clients which is might be somewhat exorbitant t the business since it should cause different costs. Then again, a business can choose show as a type of offering its items to its clients. Show can just be characterized as an introduction and a presentation of different things that have been chosen to draw in clients and initiate deals. Display Program as a Marketing device A show program is the methodology set up by a business of introducing and showing a choice of different results of a business for clients to buy and to pull in new clients. Having a decent show program in a business will offer itself to clients and will help increment the deals of the business. This implies the cash utilized by speculators in zones, for example, advertising techniques can be spent on display with the goal that the business can accomplish more deals and thus more benefits for the business. Displays likewise know as exchange fairs, expos or even exchange shows can help accomplish different outcomes for a business as will be talked about here. In numerous events, the presentations are by and large sorted out by different invested individuals with the goal that different associations in a specific explicit industry or who have a particular premium can exhibit and give a show of the different most recent items, study exercises, and even administrations of contenders and furthermore to view the present patterns in the business and the open doors that might be accessible for the business to wander in. There are a few shows which are consistently open to the general population while there are others which must be gone to by different organization agents who are individuals from that exchange and furthermore the individuals from the press for inclusion of the display (Siskind, 2005). During that time displays have been recognized as one of the best and productive apparatus that is amazing and successful for working together. A display includes the business financial specialists having the option to meet the clients eye to eye and subsequently make an extraordinary objective open door for the business to accomplish the different exchange destinations that it has. Displays are known to be one of the most financially savvy for of contacting the clients since the business speculator can arrive at the clients one after another and in one spot that doesn't include moving the area. In this way, it is remarkable that shows have different focal points for a business if a decent display program is made and actualized by the business financial specialist (TileagäÆ', and Cosmescu, 2012). Points of interest of Exhibition Show as a methods for exchange for a business has different favorable circumstances to any type of business whenever made and executed positively when contrasted with advertising procedures. Talked about beneath are the focal points that a business will get from a decent presentation program executed by a financial specialist: Client contact In shows, the business financial specialists have the chance of meeting the clients up close and personal in one time and in one spot. This implies the expos or show gives a superb and favorable condition for the business speculators to start contacts with clients who are new to the business. This causes the business financial specialist to have the option to grow new exchange leads for the results of the business since the speculator can respond to any inquiries that the new clients may have concerning the items that the business is offering (Ausstellungs-und Messe-Ausschuss der Deutschen Wirtschaft, 2010). The business has the direct chance of giving definite data to the new clients about their items that are under display and thusly this will help in making another client base for the business. Notwithstanding the new clients whom the business speculator has the chance to prevail upon for the business and making new client base, the business financial specialist is likewise ready to restore its old contacts with the esteemed customers of the organization or business firm. There are times when organizations lose their old customers because of different reasons. Through a decent show program, the business financial specialist is parcel to restore the lost contacts with its past clients and furthermore to educate the old clients regarding the new items that the organization might be offering notwithstanding the upgrades that the business has made on the past items that it was offering (Frain, 1999). Chance to make an Image for the Business Through displays, the business financial specialist can meet new and old clients some of who may not e acquainted with the business. The contact that the business financial specialist has with the clients offers an open door for the speculator to make and improve the picture of the business towards the clients. Clients who had an awful observation about the business will have the option to have firsthand understanding of find out about the business and the results of the financial specialists and get away from of how the business works and what items the organization is offering to its customers (Johnston, and Beaton, 1998). This implies, not exclusively will the organization have the option to win mineral clients however it will have the option to give firsthand data to the clients which will help in improving the picture of the business. A decent picture for the business implies that clients will need to connect with the business; subsequently those clients who visit the show will likewise advise others about the business. This will go about as a method of publicizing the business through verbal exchange from those clients who had the firsthand involvement in the business at the presentation. In this manner, it is very remarkable that presentations bring new business contacts as well as assists with fortifying and perhaps reestablish the picture of the business which is significant for each business to succeed. Item and administration dispatch stages Numerous organizations consistently face the test of propelling their items and administrations to the market. Propelling of another item or administration by an organization can be trying to any business and can likewise be exorbitant as far as ads as a type of advertising for the new items and administrations. Numerous stages that business speculators can use to dispatch their new items or administrations are in every case expensive and on occasion may not be powerful in contacting however many clients as could be allowed. To conquer this test is associated with the starting of new items or administrations to the market by business financial specialists, displays offer a greatly improved stage for the business speculator to dispatch their items or administrations. Shows by and large include live introductions and different exhibitions of the items or administrations of the organization to the clients. This implies the items or the administrations can â€Å"speak† for themselves and impact the clients to cause buys to or even acquire the administrations regardless of whether they were not set up to do as such in any case. At the point when clients can see with their own eyes the utilization of an item or the significance of an item from the outset hand, they will in general have the inclination to evaluate the item or administration so they can see whether whatever they saw during the live introductions and exhibits are really the outcomes that they can get from utilizing the specific item or administration which has been propelled into the market. This implies the way toward selling the new items or administrations is quickened (Frain, 1999). At the point when the clients are affected to buy the new items or administrations that have been propelled at the display trough live introductions and exhibitions, the deals of the items or administrations are probably going to increment, and this will imply that new deals will be produced for the organization at a snappier rate than through advertising. Propelling of another item or administration through live introductions or shows at the presentations implies that the organization won't acquire a great deal of costs that are constantly engaged with the starting of new items or administrations (Johnston, and Beaton, 1998). Promoting interchanges In the presentations or exchange fairs, there is consistently a great deal of spotlight that is constantly put on the organization and the items r benefits that the organization is advertising. Numerous displays include the media and subsequently the consideration of the media is consistently on the organization and the items or administrations of the organization. This implies the business speculator has a chance of centering his/her advertising endeavors on raising the profile of the organization and that of the items or administrations of the organization. This will likewise help in improving the picture of the organization. Since the focal point of the media consideration is on the organization and the items or the administrations that the organization s offering, there is an open door for the organization to publicize itself without bringing about any additional expense on commercial of the company’s items or administrations.  The display offers a stage for development of the company’s pu

How Random Selection Is Used In Research

How Random Selection Is Used In Research Student Resources Study Guides and Tips Print The Random Selection Experiment Method By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on October 02, 2019 Rob Friedman / Getty Images More in Student Resources Study Guides and Tips APA Style and Writing Careers When researchers need to select a representative sample from a larger population, they often utilize a method known as random selection. In this selection process, each member of a group stands an equal chance of being chosen as a participant in the study. Random Selection vs. Random Assignment Experiments How does random selection differ from  random assignment? Random selection refers to how the sample is drawn from the population as a whole, while random assignment refers to how the participants are then assigned to either the experimental or control groups. It is possible to have both random selection and random assignment in an experiment. Imagine that you use random selection to draw 500 people from a population to participate in your study. You then use random assignment to assign 250 of your participants to a control group (the group that does not receive the treatment or independent variable) and you assign 250 of the participants to the experimental group (the group that receives the treatment or independent variable). Why do researchers utilize random selection? The purpose is to increase the generalizability of the results. By drawing a random sample from a larger population, the goal is that the sample will be representative of the larger group and less likely to be subject to bias. Factors Involved in Random Selection Imagine that a researcher is selecting people to participate in a study. In order to pick participants, they might choose people using a technique that is the statistical equivalent of a coin toss. They might begin by using random selection to pick geographic regions from which to draw participants. They might then use the same selection process to pick cities, neighborhoods, households, age ranges, and individual participants. Another important thing to remember is that larger samples tend to be more representative because even random selection can lead to a biased or limited sample if the sample size is small. When the sample size is small, an unusual participant can have an undue influence over the sample as a whole. Using a much larger sample size tends to dilute the effects of unusual participants from skewing the results. The Experimental Group In Psychology Experiments

Lambda and Gamma Levels of Association

Lambda and gamma are two measures of association that are commonly used in social science statistics and research. Lambda is a measure of association used for nominal variables while gamma is used for ordinal variables. Lambda Lambda is defined as an asymmetrical measure of association that is suitable for use with nominal variables. It may range from 0.0 to 1.0. Lambda provides us with an indication of the strength of the relationship between independent and dependent variables. As an asymmetrical measure of association, lambda’s value may vary depending on which variable is considered the dependent variable and which variables are considered the independent variable. To calculate lambda, you need two numbers: E1 and E2. E1 is the error of prediction made when the independent variable is ignored. To find E1, you first need to find the mode of the dependent variable and subtract its frequency from N. E1 N – Modal frequency. E2 is the errors made when the prediction is based on the independent variable. To find E2, you first need to find the modal frequency for each category of the independent variables, subtract it from the category total to find the number of errors, then add up all the errors. The formula for calculating lambda is: Lambda (E1 – E2) / E1. Lambda may range in value from 0.0 to 1.0. Zero indicates that there is nothing to be gained by using the independent variable to predict the dependent variable. In other words, the independent variable does not, in any way, predict the dependent variable. A lambda of 1.0 indicates that the independent variable is a perfect predictor of the dependent variable. That is, by using the independent variable as a predictor, we can predict the dependent variable without any error. Gamma Gamma is defined as a symmetrical measure of association suitable for use with ordinal variable or with dichotomous nominal variables. It can vary from 0.0 to /- 1.0 and provides us with an indication of the strength of the relationship between two variables. Whereas lambda is an asymmetrical measure of association, gamma is a symmetrical measure of association. This means that the value of gamma will be the same regardless of which variable is considered the dependent variable and which variable is considered the independent variable. Gamma is calculated using the following formula: Gamma (Ns - Nd)/(Ns Nd) The direction of the relationship between ordinal variables can either be positive or negative. With a positive relationship, if one person ranked higher than another on one variable, he or she would also rank above the other person on the second variable. This is called same order ranking, which is labeled with an Ns, shown in the formula above. With a negative relationship, if one person is ranked above another on one variable, he or she would rank below the other person on the second variable. This is called an inverse order pair and is labeled as Nd, shown in the formula above. To calculate gamma, you first need to count the number of same order pairs (Ns) and the number of inverse order pairs (Nd). These can be obtained from a bivariate table (also known as a frequency table or crosstabulation table). Once these are counted, the calculation of gamma is straightforward. A gamma of 0.0 indicates that there is no relationship between the two variables and nothing is to be gained by using the independent variable to predict the dependent variable. A gamma of 1.0 indicates that the relationship between the variables is positive and the dependent variable can be predicted by the independent variable without any error. When gamma is -1.0, this means that the relationship is negative and that the independent variable can perfectly predict the dependent variable with no error. References Frankfort-Nachmias, C. Leon-Guerrero, A. (2006). Social Statistics for a Diverse Society. Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press.

The Maya Lowlands Region of the Maya Civilization

The Maya lowlands region is where the Classic Maya civilization arose. An extensive area including some 96,000 square miles (250,000 square kilometers), the Maya lowlands are located in the northern part of Central America, in the Yucatan peninsula of Mexico, Guatemala and Belize, at sea level elevations from 25 feet (7.6 meters) to approximately 2,600 ft (800 m) above sea level. In contrast, the Maya highlands area (above 2,600 ft) is located south of the lowlands in mountainous regions of Mexico, Guatemala, and Honduras. Key Takeaways: Maya Lowlands The Maya lowlands is the name of a region of central America that includes parts of Mexico, Guatemala, and Belize.  The region is a hugely varied environment, from desert to tropical rain forest, and in this varied climate, the Classic Maya arose and developedBetween 3 and 13 million people lived there during classic period times.   Lowland Maya People Map of the Maya Region. Base Map: GringoInChile At the height of the Classic period Maya civilization, about 700 CE, there were between 3 million to 13 million people living in the Maya Lowlands. They lived in about 30 small polities that varied in their organization, from expansive regional states to smaller city-states and loosely organized associations. The polities spoke different Maya languages and dialects and practiced different forms of social and political organization. Some interacted within a broader Mesoamerican system, trading with many different groups such as the Olmec. There were similarities among the polities in the Maya lowlands: they practiced a settlement pattern of low-density urbanism, and their rulers were political and religious leaders called kujul ajaw (holy lord), who were supported by a dynastic royal court made up of family members, religious and administrative officials, and artisans. The Maya communities also shared a market economy, that combined both an elite-controlled trading network of exotic materials, as well as a day-to-day market for individuals. The lowland Maya grew avocado, beans, chili peppers, squash, cacao and maize, and raised turkeys and macaws; and they made pottery and figurines, as well as tools and other objects of obsidian, greenstone, and shell. The Maya people of the lowlands also shared complex ways to retain water (constructed bedrock chambers called chultunes, wells, and reservoirs), hydraulic management methods (canals and dams), and enhanced agricultural production (terraces and raised and drained fields called chinampas.) They built public spaces (ballcourts, palaces, temples), private spaces (houses, residential plaza groups), and infrastructure (roads and processional routes known as sacbe, public plazas, and storage facilities). Modern Maya living in the region today include the Yucatec Maya of the northern lowlands, the Chorti Maya in the southeastern lowlands, and the Tzotzil in the southwestern lowlands. Variations in the Climate Great Cenote at Chichen Itza. Michael Rael Overall, there is little exposed surface water in the region: what there is can be found in lakes in the Peten, swamps, and cenotes, natural sinkholes created by the Chicxulub crater impact. In general terms of climate, the Maya lowland region experiences a rainy and muggy season from June to October, a relatively cool season from November to February, and a hot season from March to May. The heaviest rainfall ranges from 35–40 inches per year on the west coast of the Yucatan to 55 inches on the east coast.   Scholars have divided the Lowland Maya region into many different zones, based on differences in agricultural soils, the length and timing of wet and dry seasons, water supply and quality, elevation about sea level, vegetation, and biotic and mineral resources. In general, the southeastern parts of the region are moist enough to support a complex canopy of a tropical rain forest, ranging up to 130 ft (40 m) in height; while the northwest corner of the Yucatan is so dry that it approaches desert-like extremes. The entire area is characterized by shallow or waterlogged soils and was once covered in dense tropical forests. The forests harbored a range of animals, including two kinds of deer, peccary, tapir, jaguar, and several species of monkeys. Sites in the Maya Lowlands Mexico: Dzibilchaltun, Mayapan, Uxmal, Tulum, Ek Balam, Labna, Calakmul, Palenque, Yaxchilan, Bonampak, Coba, Sayil, Chichen Itza, XicalangoBelize: Altun Ha, Pulltrouser Swamp, Xunantunich, LamanaiGuatemala: El Mirador, Piedras Negras, Nakbe, Tikal, Ceibal Sources and Further Reading Ball, Joseph W. The Maya Lowlands North. Archaeology of Ancient Mexico and Central America: An Encyclopedia. Eds. Evans, Susan Toby and David L. Webster. New York: Garland Publishing Inc., 2001. 433–441. Print.Chase, Arlen F., et al. Tropical Landscapes and the Ancient Maya: Diversity in Time and Space. Archeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association 24.1 (2014): 11–29. Print.Douglas, Peter M.J., et al. Impacts of Climate Change on the Collapse of Lowland Maya Civilization. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 44.1 (2016): 613–45. Print.Gunn, Joel D., et al. A Distribution Analysis of the Central Maya Lowlands Ecoinformation Network: Its Rises, Falls, and Changes. Ecology and Society 22.1 (2017). Print.Houston, Stephen D. The Maya Lowlands South. Archaeology of Ancient Mexico and Central America: An Encyclopedia. Eds. Evans, Susan Toby and David L. Webster. New York: Garland Publishing Inc., 2001. 441–4417. Print.Lucero, Lisa J., Roland Fletcher, and Robin Coningham. From ‘Collapse’ to Urban Diaspora: The Transformation of Low-Density, Dispersed Agrarian Urbanism. Antiquity 89.347 (2015): 1139–54. Print.Rice, Prudence M. Middle Preclassic Interregional Interaction and the Maya Lowlands. Journal of Archaeological Research 23.1 (2015): 1–47. Print.

Prosecuting Arguments Free Essays

Prosecuting Arguments A prosecutor’s duty is to defer and produce evidence of the crime at hand to the judge and jury so that they can decide an appropriate sentence. According to the case of State v. Stu Dents, there are several charges against the defendant which range from moderate to severe. We will write a custom essay sample on Prosecuting Arguments or any similar topic only for you Order Now These charges include homicide, assault of a police officer, kidnapping, burglary, and crimes related to drugs. The prosecution must attempt to provide accurate evidence to prove the charges against Stu Dents. During this trial, the prosecution will evaluate the laws and statutes of Hawaii, Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina, and Pennsylvania to determine which state the case is the strongest. The prosecution will examine each of these states thoroughly to provide a better understanding of the charges, which will provide a guideline in determining the best sentencing alternatives. Facts and Elements The prosecution must establish the facts and elements of each crime to prove a defendant’s guilt. The elements of crime are the basic components of the crime, and the essential features of that crime specified by law or statute. These elements include actus reus, mens rea, and a concurrence of the two. To convict the defendant of a particular crime, the prosecution must establish that each of the required elements are present in the facts to prove criminal liability (Schmalleger, Hall, Dolatowski, 2010). In the case of State v. Stu Dents, the prosecution must establish the facts and elements of the charges for homicide, assault of a police officer, kidnapping, burglary, and crimes related to drugs. For the charge of homicide, all of the required elements are present in the facts of the case. The journal entries discussing the purchase of rope, rags, and a sharp hunting knife â€Å"to fulfill [his] destiny† prove mens rea. Actus reus is proven in the evidence that the victim was found with cloth stuffed in her mouth, arms and legs tied with rope restraints, and stabbed to death. The defendant’s intent to commit the crime is proven by the journal entries, and the proof that he engaged in the criminal conduct is evident in the gagging, restraining, and stabbing death of the victim (University of Phoenix, n. d. ). For the charge of assault of a police officer, all of the required elements are present in the facts of the case. When police officers attempted to take him into custody, he was extremely agitated, irrational, combative, and screaming about the end of the world and aliens working in the police force, which proves mens rea. Actus reus is proven when the defendant punched the officer in the face while the officer attempted to handcuff him. The defendant’s intent to cause bodily harm to the officer by punching him proves the presence of intent and conduct (University of Phoenix, n. . ). For the charge of kidnapping, all of the required elements are present in the facts of the case. Mens rea is proven from the evidence officers found in the defendant’s home, which included a timeline of more than 300 photos of the victim in various locations and situations. It appears as if some photos were taken without the victim’s knowledge. Actus reus is proven by the evidence of cuts and bruises found on the victim’s body as well as skin particles under her fingernails, which signify a struggle prior to death. The DNA of the skin particles matched samples of the defendant’s DNA. Therefore, the defendant’s intent to seize unlawfully and carry away the victim by force, as indicated by the evidence of struggle, proves the presence of intent and conduct (University of Phoenix, n. d. ). For the charge of burglary, all of the required elements are present in the facts of the case. Mens rea is proven from witness testimony stating that the defendant entered the victim’s apartment when she was not home, and there was no proof that he used a key. Actus reus is proven when a search of the defendant’s home produced drugs and jewelry owned by the victim. The defendant’s intent to enter the victim’s residence unlawfully without permission for the purpose of committing a crime is proven by the theft of the victim’s possessions (University of Phoenix, n. d. ). For the charge of crimes related to drugs, all of the elements are present in the facts of the case. Mens rea is proven when a search of the defendant’s home produced various amounts of ecstasy, cocaine, and methamphetamines. Actus reus is proven by the presence of ecstasy, cocaine, and methamphetamines in the defendant’s home, which is an act of possession. The defendant knowingly possessing the drugs coexists with the act of possessing the drugs (University of Phoenix, n. d. ). State Laws In Hawaii, homicide occurs when a person intentionally or knowingly causes the death of another person, and it is considered murder in the first degree. The crime of homicide with more than one victim or an inmate killing his or her cellmate is considered first degree murder, and homicide of an officer of the law is considered a felony murder. Murder in the first degree is a serious felony, and the defendant could face life in prison without parole because Hawaii does not have the death penalty (FindLaw, 2012). In Pennsylvania, assault of a police officer occurs when a person intentionally causes harm to an officer while on duty, such as fighting the officer to avoid arrest. If this incident causes the officer bodily harm, the crime is a second-degree misdemeanor. This will result in a sentence of up to five years in prison, and a fine of up to $3,000. If a person shoots and kills an officer on duty, the charge is assault in the first degree. The defendant could face a minimum of 20 years in prison or death for first-degree assault of a police officer (Justia, n. d. ). In North Carolina, kidnapping occurs when a person unlawfully restrains or keeps another person at any place without his or her permission. It is considered first degree kidnapping if the victim is not released in a safe place or is seriously injured. This charge is considered a Class C felony, and it carries up to 15 years imprisonment (North Carolina General Assembly, n. d. ). In Arkansas, residential burglary occurs when a person unlawfully enters and remains in a residential structure, and commits any offense punishable by imprisonment. This crime is considered a Class B felony. A defendant who is charged with this crime faces five to 10 years imprisonment, and a fine of up to $15,000 (Justia, n. d. ). In Virginia, crimes related to drugs include manufacturing, distributing, or possessing controlled substances with the intent to manufacture or distribute. A first offense under this statute carries a sentence of five to 40 years imprisonment, and a fine of up to $500,000. Second and subsequent offenses carry a sentence of five years to life imprisonment, and a fine of up to $500,000. It is considered a felony if a person manufactures, distributes, or possesses certain large amounts of controlled substances. A felony conviction carries a sentence of five years to life imprisonment, and a fine of up to $1 million (Laws. com, 2011). Strongest State Case According to the information on the state laws and statutes, Hawaii would yield the strongest prosecution in the case of State v. Stu Dents. In Hawaii, a conviction of homicide carries a sentence of life imprisonment without parole, which would keep the defendant away from society, and keep society safe from possible future offenses by the defendant. A conviction for assault of a police officer carries up to five years imprisonment. A conviction for kidnapping and drug crimes is a Class A felony, and it carries a term of up to life imprisonment with a fine of up to $50,000. A conviction of burglary is a Class B felony, and it carries a term of two to 20 years imprisonment with a fine of up to $25,000 (Nolo, 2012). If the defendant is found guilty of all charges in the state of Hawaii, he will spend the rest of his life in prison as well as pay a large amount in fines, which is absolute justice for the victim. Conclusion Each state has different laws for each crime that a person commits and how that person is charged for the crime. The prosecution for each crime is strong for each of the states examined. No matter what the case is for a crime committed in any state, there is a law or statute available to charge a person for that crime. Regardless of the state the criminal trial proceeds in, the prosecution will have a strong case in the case of State v. Stu Dents. References FindLaw. (2012). Haw. Rev. Stat.  § 707-701 : Hawaii Statutes – Section 707-701: Murder in the first degree. Retrieved from http://codes. lp. findlaw. com/histatutes/5/37/707/II/707-701 Justia. (n. d. ). 2010 Arkansas Code  § 5-39-201 – Residential burglary — Commercial burglary. Retrieved from http://law. justia. com/codes/arkansas/2010/title-5/subtitle-4/chapter-39/ subchapter-2/5-39-201/ Justia. (n. d. . 2010 Pennsylvania Code  § 2702. 1 – Assault of law enforcement officer. Retrieved from http://law. justia. com/codes/pennsylvania/2010/title-18/chapter-27/2702-1/ Laws. com. (2011). 18. 2-248 – Manufacturing, selling, giving, distributing, or possessing with intent to manufacture, sell, give, or distribute a controlled substance or an imitation controlled substance prohibited; penalties. Retrieved fro m http://statutes. laws. com/ virginia/title-18-2/chapter-7/18-2-248 Nolo. (2012). Hawaii Charges for Crimes by Felony Class. Retrieved from ttp://www. criminaldefenselawyer. com/resources/criminal-defense/felony-offense/ hawaii-felony-class. htm North Carolina General Assembly. (n. d. ). Article 10 – Kidnapping and Abduction. Retrieved from http://www. ncga. state. nc. us/EnactedLegislation/Statutes/PDF/ByArticle/Chapter_ 14/Article_10. pdf Schmalleger, F. , Hall, D. E. , Dolatowski, J. J. (2010). Criminal law Today. (4th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. University of Phoenix. (n. d. ). State v. Stu Dents. Retrieved from University of Phoenix, CJA354 website. How to cite Prosecuting Arguments, Essay examples

Policy Evaluation free essay sample

Policies are rules that are created by the government to make our country peaceful and progressive country. Policy evaluation is an efficient process for assessing the design, implementation and outcomes of public policies. Evaluation uses social science study of methods, including qualitative and quantitative techniques, to examine the effects of policies. The function of policy evaluation enables all participants in the policy process, including legislators, executives, agency officials and others, to measure the degree to which a program has achieved its goals, assess the effects and identify any needed changes to a policy. Policies are revealed through text, practices, symbols and discourses that define and deliver values including goods and services as well as regulations, income, status and other positively or negatively valued attributes. Policies are not just contained in laws and regulations; once a law or rule is made, policies continue to be made as the people who implement policy – that is, those who put policies into effort – make decisions about who will benefit from policies and who will shoulder burdens as a result. We will write a custom essay sample on Policy Evaluation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page For the government, policies are important to keep the country in harmony and peace. One may say that policies are laws or rules and regulations implemented by a certain authority. In the case of the country, it can be the laws, proclamations, memorandums and administrative order issued by the government. The two main types of policy evaluation are formative and summative evaluation. Formative evaluation is examines the operation of the program, usually for the purpose of on the road to recovery the program and assessing its implementation. Summative evaluation is a method for judging the worth of a program while the program activities are forming in progress. This part of the evaluation focuses on the process. Policy consideration is a rarely as simple as some politicians suggest. Policy-makers often want immediate information on policy effects, but many programs have long-term effects that will not be known in the short term. A bill is filed in the Office of the Secretary where it is given a corresponding number and calendared for First Reading. The first reading its title, bill number, and author’s name are read on the floor, after which it is referred to the proper committee. Committee conducts hearings and consultation meetings. It then approves the proposed bill without an amendment, approves it with changes, or recommends substitution or consolidation with similar bills filed. The Committee Report with its approved bill version is submitted to the Committee on Rules for calendaring for Second Reading. Bill author delivers sponsorship speech on the floor. Senators engage in debate, interpellation, turno en contra, and rebuttal to highlight the pros and cons of the bill. A period of amendments incorporates necessary changes in the bill proposed by the committee or introduced by the Senators themselves on the floor. Senators vote on the second reading version of the bill. If approved, the bill is calendared for third reading Some steps in how to evaluate policy. 1st learn the legislative history of the policy youre evaluating, 2nd identify the key stakeholders in a policy, 3rdthis evaluation will include an overview of the policy, its goals and objectives, 4thcollect the data needed for evaluation, 5thanalyze the data, and lastly 6threport your conclusions based on the analysis.

The Asain Finacial Crisis Essay Example For Students

The Asain Finacial Crisis Essay The Asain FinacialCrisisThe beginning of the Asian financial crisiscan be traced back to 2 July 1997. That was the day the Thai Governmentannounced a managed float of the Baht and called on the International MonetaryFund (IMF) for technical assistance. That day the Baht fell around 20per cent against the $US. This became the trigger for the Asian currencycrisis. Within the week the Philippines and Malaysian Governments wereheavily intervening to defend their currencies. While Indonesia intervenedand also allowed the currency to move in a widened trading range a sortof a float but with a floor below which the monetary authority acts todefend the currency against further falls. By the end of the month therewas a currency meltdown during which the Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathirattacked rogue speculators and named the notorious speculator and hedgefund manager, George Soros, as being personally responsible for the fallin value of the ringgit. Soon other East Asian economies became inv olved,Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore and others to varying degrees. Stock and propertymarkets were also feeling the pressure though the declines in stock pricestended to show a less volatile but nevertheless downward trend over mostof 1997. By 27 October the crisis had had a world wide impact, on thatday provoking a massive response on Wall Street with the Dow Jones industrialaverage falling by 554.26 or 7.18 per cent, its biggest point fall in history,causing stock exchange officials to suspend trading. We will write a custom essay on The Asain Finacial Crisis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Countries such as Thailand, Indonesia,Malaysia and the Philippines have embraced an unusual policy combinationof liberalisation of controls on flows of financial capital on the onehand, and quasi-fixed/ heavily managed exchange rate systems on the other. These exchange rate systems have been operated largely through linkageswith the United States (US) dollar as their anchor. (1) Such external policymixes are only sustainable in the longer term if there is close harmonisationof economic/ financial policies and conditions with those of the anchorcountry (in this case, the United States). Otherwise, establishing capitalflows will inevitably undermine the exchange rate. Rather than harmonisation, there seemsto have actually been increased economic and financial divergence withthe US, especially in terms of current account deficits, inflation andinterest rates. These increasing disparities have prompted global (andlocal) financial interests to speculate against the administered exchangerate linkages, i.e. speculative pressure mounted that the monetary authoritiesin these countries would not be able to hold their exchange rate links. In most cases, such financial speculation has been of sufficient magnitudeto actually provoke the collapse of the administered exchange rate links,in the manner of self fulfilling prophecies. Defence of the exchangerate through the use of foreign exchange reserves and higher interest ratesproved to be insufficient. (2)The result has been large devaluationsof the exchange rates of these countries, especially against the US dollar. Large interest rate increases to support the exchange rates at their newlower levels (to prevent wholesale over reaction and collapse in foreignexchange markets and to help contain the strong inflationary forces setin motion); and extra restrictions in fiscal policy. Designed to rise nationalsaving, contain domestic spending and reassure foreign investors and internationalinstitutions such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Figure 1 showsthe magnitude of this devaluations. The IMF had arranged conditional financialsupport packages for Thailand and Indonesia. (3) Financial support is providedin exchange for (on condition of) economic policy reforms which, it isargued, will encourage economic recovery and help prevent a recurrenceof the turmoil these countries are now experiencing. In the case of Australia,help to Thailand has taken the form of a currency swap where AustraliasUS dollar assets of up to $1 billion were exchanged for Thai Baht, withan agreement that the reverse exchange would occur at a future point intime. These financial crises have also provokedsubstantial falls in the stock markets of these countries and in otherparts of Asia. (They also contributed to stock market falls around theworld). Foreign investor funds would have been initially withdrawn as exchangerate speculation mounted, and this would have partly taken the form ofa sell off of foreign-owned stock. As well, much higher interest rates(both before and after the currency devaluations) encourage flows of fundsout of shares and into loan/ debt-type assets. In turn, higher interestrates and lower exchange rates have substantially increased the rate ofcollapse/ bankruptcy of businesses operating in highly leveraged sectors(especially where loan contracts were written in foreign currency), andthis would have further undermined confidence in the stock markets throughoutAsia. Figure 2 shows the recent stock market price falls in these countries. Overall, reductions in the growth of spending,production and employment in the region are likely to be prominent consequencesof these financial crises. Both as the direct result of the financial disruptionsand also as the result of consequent contraction in economic policy changesthat have been, and will be, implemented. Loss of general economic andfinancial confidence will reduce the growth in spending and output andthe related tightening of fiscal and monetary policy will reinforce theseeffects. (5) Economic growth in these countries in the next couple of yearswill probably be substantially lower, and countries such as Thailand mayactually tip over into recession, i.e. its absolute level of output mayfall. .u2c5f0ac7564e48d9bb066d898f176bc4 , .u2c5f0ac7564e48d9bb066d898f176bc4 .postImageUrl , .u2c5f0ac7564e48d9bb066d898f176bc4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2c5f0ac7564e48d9bb066d898f176bc4 , .u2c5f0ac7564e48d9bb066d898f176bc4:hover , .u2c5f0ac7564e48d9bb066d898f176bc4:visited , .u2c5f0ac7564e48d9bb066d898f176bc4:active { border:0!important; } .u2c5f0ac7564e48d9bb066d898f176bc4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2c5f0ac7564e48d9bb066d898f176bc4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2c5f0ac7564e48d9bb066d898f176bc4:active , .u2c5f0ac7564e48d9bb066d898f176bc4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2c5f0ac7564e48d9bb066d898f176bc4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2c5f0ac7564e48d9bb066d898f176bc4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2c5f0ac7564e48d9bb066d898f176bc4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2c5f0ac7564e48d9bb066d898f176bc4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2c5f0ac7564e48d9bb066d898f176bc4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2c5f0ac7564e48d9bb066d898f176bc4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2c5f0ac7564e48d9bb066d898f176bc4 .u2c5f0ac7564e48d9bb066d898f176bc4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2c5f0ac7564e48d9bb066d898f176bc4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Axis of Evil vs. Evil Empire Sample EssayThis downturn is likely to continue untilthe inflationary forces unleashed by the large exchange rate devaluationshave been tamed. Foreign exchange markets stabilise at their new lowerprices, and the enhanced international trade competitiveness of these countries(arising largely from the currency devaluations) allows them to betterimplement export led growth strategies. Such strategies have traditionallybeen the most successful and effective means of encouraging growth in Asia. Thailand and Indonesia seem to have beenthe worst affected by the economic and financial crisis of the last severalmonths; Malaysia and the Philippines seem to be in somewhat better economicand financial shape, at least compared with Thailand and Indonesia. Singaporeappears in turn to be much better placed than the rest of the region andis likely to have the least economic and financial problems. This is becauseof the latters more advanced economic structure, more sophisticated financialsystem, more flexible exchange rate system and substantial current accountsurpluses (in contrast to the deficits elsewhere in the region). (6)Further Economic and Financial ProblemsEnhanced trade competitiveness will alsohelp these countries better deal with their longer-term problems of repositioningtheir economies in a region where trade competition has intensified andwhere domestic policy directions have often been counter-productive. Competitionfrom China and other developing countries in standard ised products thatmake intensive use of low-skilled/ semiskilled labour have reduced exportgrowth in Southeast Asia at the same time as imports of capital goods inthe region have continued to grow strongly. (China has also been much assistedby earlier large exchange rate devaluations). These trends have contributedto large and increasing trade and current account deficits in the region,and this seems to have been one of the fundamental reasons why speculatorsand other financial interests began to move against many of the currenciesof Southeast Asia. While much of the high rates of investmentin these countries have been directed towards efficient and productiveuses, a substantial part has gone into industries unsuited to the economicconditions of these countries. (Such as national car projects), or intosectors (such as commercial property) where asset price inflation has distortedinvestment priorities and taken capital away from more efficient uses. Thus, the productivity of such investment has been lower than expectedand has not contributed much to the ability of these countries to fundtheir capital imports. The bursting of asset price inflationbubbles, fuelled and then undermined by speculative activity, has alsocontributed to the economic and financial crisis (especially in countriessuch as Thailand). This in turn has rapidly increased the amount of bad/non-performingloans in the banking systems of these countries (and for foreign lenderssuch as the Japanese banks) and has forced the closure or consolidation/merger of a number of lending institutions. Thus, the crisis has envelopedthe financial systems in the region, and has been accentuated by high ratesof borrowing. Its resolution will also require structural reform of financialinstitutions. (7) The prudential regulation of financial institutions willprobably also have to be drastically upgraded in these financial systems. Asset price deflation, rising bad debtsand failing banks provide a very dangerous mixture for national economicperformance and may require several years of adjustment before they canbe fully overcome. The case of Japan is both instructive and rather frightening. After rapid Japanese asset price inflation in the 1980s (especially inproperty and shares), the early 1990s there saw asset price crashes, escalatingbad debts (since these were often secured against the now vastly devaluedassets) and banks teetering on collapse. Japan has seen very low economicgrowth in the last six years as it has attempted (ineffectively) to copewith such deep-seated financial problems. It is now clear that the Japanese financialsector has not been rationalised in the thorough way needed for strongeconomic recovery. Insolvent institutions beyond hope of trading theirway out of trouble have not been closed but have been allowed to lingeron. Bad loans beyond any genuine hope of payment have not been writtenoff against shareholder capital and/or government funds but have remainedhidden in the nether regions of institutions balance sheets. (8) However,more resolute action by Japanese financial regulators may now be forthcoming. It can only be hoped that the countriesof Southeast Asia fare better but this will require rapid, concerted responsesto the problems confronting them. The policy responses so far announcedhave been reasonably encouraging but much more needs to be done. (9)Affect to New ZealandNew Zealands rapidly growing export marketsin Southeast Asia will probably be cut back substantially in the next coupleof years. This is both because slower growth in the region will reducethe growth in demand for New Zealand exports, and also because the muchlower real (inflation-adjusted) exchange rates of Southeast Asian countrieswill further reduce their imports by favouring domestic production thelatter effect will also favour their exports. Further second round adverseeffects on our major trading partners such as Japan and South Korea willbe important to New Zealand. Similarly, New Zealand exports to Asiacan be expected to eventually recover when exports from these SoutheastAsian countries themselves accelerate under the influence of their devaluedexchange rates. The latter export expansion will then help to generatebroader recoveries in economic growth in the region. The strong economic fundamentals ofhigh rates of investment, saving, technological transfer, and expansionin education and training throughout Asia all point to the region recoveringto robust economic growth once the current set of problems have been dealtwith. (The crucial proviso is probably that financial sector problems inthe region be effectively resolved). Thus, the medium to longer term prospectsfor New Zealand exports to Asia remain strong so long as our producerscontinue to be competitive in terms of price and quality. .u9d3cefb82c0a742409262e114c33eb13 , .u9d3cefb82c0a742409262e114c33eb13 .postImageUrl , .u9d3cefb82c0a742409262e114c33eb13 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9d3cefb82c0a742409262e114c33eb13 , .u9d3cefb82c0a742409262e114c33eb13:hover , .u9d3cefb82c0a742409262e114c33eb13:visited , .u9d3cefb82c0a742409262e114c33eb13:active { border:0!important; } .u9d3cefb82c0a742409262e114c33eb13 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9d3cefb82c0a742409262e114c33eb13 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9d3cefb82c0a742409262e114c33eb13:active , .u9d3cefb82c0a742409262e114c33eb13:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9d3cefb82c0a742409262e114c33eb13 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9d3cefb82c0a742409262e114c33eb13 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9d3cefb82c0a742409262e114c33eb13 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9d3cefb82c0a742409262e114c33eb13 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9d3cefb82c0a742409262e114c33eb13:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9d3cefb82c0a742409262e114c33eb13 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9d3cefb82c0a742409262e114c33eb13 .u9d3cefb82c0a742409262e114c33eb13-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9d3cefb82c0a742409262e114c33eb13:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Slavery In America EssayEstimates of reductions in New Zealandeconomic growth resulting from this negative external shock currently rangefrom 0.2 to 1.0 percentage point falls in the next year or two. (13) Initialestimates were at the low end of the range, but more recent forecasts havegenerally been higher, as more adverse information has been received. (Fallinggrowth in New Zealand exports is likely to be reinforced by cuts to investmentand consumption plans). These estimates pose serious problemsfor the New Zealand economy and New Zealand economic policymakers. Mostimportantly, they imply that New Zealand economic recovery in the growthof output and employment, which according to many forecasters already looksto be only quite moderate and gradual, could be substantially nullifiedby the external economic shock emanating from Southeast Asia, and its flow-oneffects on Northeast Asia. (14)Difficult dilemmas for the current settingof New Zealand monetary and fiscal policy are thus created. For example,disturbances to New Zealand financial markets caused by the crisis alleviateagainst any current relaxation of monetary policy arising from considerationof the need to counter the external economic shock proactively. This is especially so in the case of therecent fall in the New Zealand dollar; this acts to encourage net exportsand helps to counter the external shock (but also adds to domestic inflationarypressures, mainly through higher import prices). However, this devaluationcould prove to be substantially the result of financial market over-reactionand thus could be quite temporary in nature. Unfortunately, this may notbecome clear until end of 1999, by which time a further reduction in officialinterest rates might be rather late in terms of dampening the externalshock. The enduring currency devaluation may be insufficient in itselfto dampen the external shock substantially. On the other hand, even if monetary policyis relaxed now this will do little to nullify the shocks effect on NewZealand spending and growth. This is because of the substantial time lagsinvolved in the impact of such monetary policy changes on the economy. However, such a policy relaxation could help to bolster growth after nextcalendar year, if the effects of the crisis on New Zealand are expectedto last that long. Monetary policymakers also seem to berestrained at the present time by uncertainty about the magnitude and durationof the economic effects of the Asian crisis on New Zealand, and its effectsupon the future course of New Zealand inflation in particular. (15) Thisalso comes at a time when official forecasts already see inflation risingback into its target range, in 2000, of 2-3% underlying inflation. (16)Fiscal/ budgetary policy might also helpto dampen the shock by temporarily moving to a more expansionary/less restrictivestance. It is an attractive policy tool since it has shorter lags of impacton the economy than monetary policy and is less likely to generate exchangerate devaluation (and consequent intensified inflation pressures) thanmonetary policy. This might allow stronger growth while also allowing theinflation target to continue to be met. However, fiscal policy is currently ina contraction stance at the national level, being preoccupied with budgetdeficit reduction to boost levels of national saving and help contain currentaccount deficits. Indeed, New Zealands current account deficit is highlylikely to increase as a result of the negative external shock arising fromAsia, and this mitigates against any move to fiscal policy expansion. Bibliography1.International Monetary Fund, WorldEconomic Outlook, October 1997, Table 16. 2.The Asian Financial Review July1998, pp. 37-39. 3.The IMF and Indonesia: BalefulBonanza, The Economist, 8 November 1997, p. 95. 4.Commonwealth of Australia, JOURNALNo. 90, 11 August 1997, and No. 116, 1 November 1997. 5.For a critical perspective onsuch policy changes, see: Greg Earl, IMF Solution Follows Wrong Track:Economists, Australian Financial Review, 19 November 1997, p. 13. 6.Economist Intelligence Unit, CountryReport: Singapore, London, 3rd quarter, 1997, pp. 23-26. 7.Simon Davies and John Ridding,Crisis into Catastrophe? Financial Times (London), 31 October 1997, p. 15. 8.Max Walsh, Aid Parcels to JapaneseBanks, The New Zealand Herald, 18 November 1998, pp. 25-26; Max Walsh,Time for Japan to Save the World, The New Zealand Herald, 21 November1998, pp. 29-30. 9.John McBeth, Big is Best: IndonesiasRescue Package Draws on the Thai Experience, Far Eastern Economic Review,13 November 1997, pp. 68-69; Greg Sheridan, The Asian Malaise is Curable,28 November 1997, p. 13. National Business Review10.Charles Lee, The Next Domino?Far Eastern Economic Review, 20 November 1997, pp. 14-16. 11.Eric Ellis, Kim Inspects Mouthof IMF Gift Horse, Australian Financial Review, 24 November 1997, p. 12. 12.Teresa Wyszomierski and ChristopherLingle, Fortress Japan Under Siege, Australian Financial Review, 19 November1997, p. 20. 13.Ian MacFarlane, Forbes MagazineBusiness 1998, pp24-27. 14. Forecasts Lowered, The NewZealand Herald, 20 November 1998, pp. 29-30. 15.Reserve Bank of New Zealand,semi-annual Statement on Monetary Policy, November 1997, pp. 2-13. 16 A New Revolution by Peter SmithAs published in NZBUSINESS, August 1998, PP 5-12.

Impact Of E-procurement On Procurement Practices And Performance Article

Impact Of E-procurement On Procurement Practices And Performance Article Impact Of E EPT impact on procurement practices and performance Supply chain is a systemic arrangement of people, activities and resources, which transform raw material and components into finished products. E-procurement is an electronic purchase between either business-to-business, business to consumer and even business to government. Additionally, e-procurement is the most significant value of a company e-commerce strategy in the supply chain. EPT is important because it is the actual action of delivering the products to the supplier.Although many buyers are using EPTs on a personal level, larger companies are still afraid of using EPTs. The article shows â€Å"the percentage of business procurement conducted electronically is relatively low – ranging from 10 percent to 20 percent† (Qualyle 2005; Kulp et al. 2006, as cited in Quesada et al. 517). Larger companies used EPTs without fully understanding the inter-organizational collaboration and the complexities involved in the pro gram. The failure of understanding the e-procurement platform renders it an unworthy process to undertake for many organizations.Organizations also face the problem of streamlining the existing systems of the enterprise with the electronic procurement platforms. These problems though encountered in personal e-procurement; do not carry as much weight as they do in organizations. People seek to reduce the time spent in making procurements and have the sole responsibility to make decisions. Individuals pre-existing enterprise systems are also not complicated as those of organizations and are, therefore, easy to incorporate EPTs.One benefit of the e-procurement is that it provides better coordination with suppliers. Better coordination achievement is by effective communication channel. EPTs also create quicker transaction times by reducing the time required to make a procurement. According to Quesada et al., e-procurement can be executed at any time and without physical movements (517). It is, therefore, flexible with vast situations. EPT cuts the cost required to perform a particular transaction of a partnership for an organization. The e-procurement results to better supplier integration and help the company run efficiently. EPTs also help in information dissemination as it is also concerned with information exchange (Quesada et al. 518). EPT operation, however, faces several drawbacks. EPT eliminates face-to-face communication, which may lead to misunderstanding while increasing risk chances in the transactions. Quesada et al. argue that EPTs are difficult to merge with the traditional enterprise systems (517). The lack of a defined method of accessing EPTs benefits has also been a drawback in the use of the platform.EPT involves the use of technologies on electronic networks and practices to achieve and improve information exchange, electronic communication, and transaction. Achieving the processes require the use of private or public networks. On the other ha nd, internet procurement involves procuring of sales or services through the internet. EPTs only use the Internet as a compliment while for internet procurement it is a necessity. EPTs require a significant amount of investment to set up while internet procurement does not involve high cost to set up.EPTs require a method for information exchange necessitating setting up of information infrastructure. Internet procurement does not necessary require formation of relationships and link. The information infrastructure is hence not necessary to Internet procurement. However, internet procurement can be considered as a small-scale form of EPT (Quesada et al. 518).Quesada, Gioconda,  Ã‚  Gonza ´lez, Marvin., Mueller, James and Mueller,  Rene. â€Å"Impact of e-procurement on procurement practices and  performance."  Benchmarking: An International Journal 17.4 (2010): 516-538.

Non Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Non - Essay Example The painting has a symmetrical balance. The characters in the painting get provided with equal weight as the artist appears to have evenly divided the painting into two equal pieces by an imaginary line in the middle of the peace. The characters on each half of the painting also get drawn through the middle of each pane. The artist uses balance to evenly contrast the two emotions of the characters in the painting (Clarke 34). The artist uses a vertical color that divides the piece evenly into two. The artist uses one half to present the happy and smiling character, and the other half he employs to depict the sad character. The artist also employs the use of a curved white line around the hair of the character with a smiling face which assists to further depict the softening effect, pleasing, and sensual quality of the character. The artist uses a variety of color to communicate the emotions represented by the characters in the painting. One half of the painting gets dominated by brig ht colors while the other gets dominated by dark colors. On the character with a smiling face and what appears to be a happy mood, the artist employs the use of white tints of yellow, brown, blue, purple, and black. The use of a variety of tinted colors makes this half of the painting easily striking compared to the other half. ... The use of these shades provides the character with a heavy look. The artist employs the use of diagonal lines on both halves of the painting. On the background of each character, there appear diagonal lines with varying tint and shades. On the background of the happy character, the artist uses cross-cutting diagonal lines of white tint lines of clue. The background of the sad character gets characterized by cross-cutting diagonal lines of brown shade. The use of diagonal lines in the piece by the artist assists to create movement within the picture and thus create varying focal points within the artwork. The artist also draws a balance at the center of the piece by using an almost vertical line that consists of multiple colors of different shades and tints. Through the use of various colors and lines, the artist employs the use of texture throughout the painting. The half with a happy character has a smooth texture. The artist achieves this by using white tint of various colors. The white tint used on this half of the painting provides it with a light feel. The artist also seems to have employed the use of smooth and gentle brush strokes on this half of the painting (Clark 67). The artist also uses straight diagonal lines in the background of the character making this half of the painting to have an overall smooth feel. The use of dark shade on the half with the sad character provides the painting with a rough feel. The dark shade paint used provides a thick feel to this half of the painting. The shade on this half of the piece appears to have gotten created seem to have gotten created out of broad and impulse brush strokes. This provides the sad character with a dynamic and rough feel. Emphasis on the painting is on the contrast of the two characters within

Histograms Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Histograms - Essay Example Notably, histograms are indispensable in tabulating and analysis of data acquired from the intelligent quotient scores of both males and females varying results. In addition, it gives details on the mean, minimum, maximum, standard deviation, class width and skewness of the intelligent quotient scores of both male and females. Considerably, histograms are significant in showing the distribution of data thus, it is essential to establish the differences that occur in the intelligent quotient scores of both male and females. More than often, female are agreeable and open with their feelings as compared to their male counterparts who are assertive. As a result, the intelligent quotient tests that require details on information about a person’s openness, empathy and facial expression make females more likely to score highly than males, because in nature, they give detail information and are skilful in verbal communication. On the other hand, the male will give less information and as a result, score poorly in the intelligent quotient test. In addition, the memory holding capability of both males and females differ because the male counterparts have the ability to recall encounters masculine in nature and scores highly as such, if the intelligence quotient test asked are dealing with events of masculine’s nature. On the other hand, females have the ability to remember experiences, faces and names of individuals and places (Garlick, 2003). As a result, female participants score highly in intel ligent quotient tests that incorporate questions dealing with remembering events and experiences they encountered before hence scoring highly than their males counterparts. Extensively, males are proficient in things that involves mental rotation and mathematical in nature (Dykiert, Gale & Deary, 2007). As a result, tests set with mathematical calculation makes the males comfortable and tackle them with much ease and score highly than the females. In addition, many

Outsourced Delivery Services Of Ikea

Outsourced Delivery Services Of Ikea The purpose of our thesis is to find out the factors that affecting the customers satisfaction on outsourcing. The importance of Supply Chain Management (SCM) is being a vital part of a company; however, a well SCM is not as mature as some old function like Human Relation Management, Accounting, etc. Thus, companies may outsource SCM or particular function among SCM to the 3rd party services provider. Meanwhile, the quality and effect on outsourcing would be a concern to companies. Customers make the sales, profit of a company. If the part which being outsourced may contact customers directly, is there any precaution and measurement to ensure the services provide will not be affecting during outsourcing, or how to minimize the influence to companies. Todays Supply Chain Management Many companies today are strengthening their connections with partners all along the supply chain. They no longer just treat suppliers as vendors and distributors as customers. They treat both as partners in delivering customers value. Most business nowadays are customer-oriented, e.g., Sales, CS Business, Insurance, Banking/Finance, Beauty Care/Health, etc. Background of Outsourcing In a global marketplace an increasingly huge competition forces companies striving to find strategies that give them competitive advantage over the competitors (Christopher, M., 1998). Outsourcing has been treated as one of the most important business and economic concepts for achieving competitive advantages. Outsourcing can be defined as the transfer of the production of goods or services that had been performed internally to an external party (Van Weele, A., 2005). Company can focus on their core business if the companies transfer its operations to another company to produce goods or services some 3rd party services provider. The basic reason for outsourcing is the increased trend of globalization (Enarsson, L., 2008, p.33). The reasons behind outsourcing may lower the cost on delivery, utilize local firms resources thus avoid capital investment on fixed asset for developing non core products, and to gain access technology, performance through effective partnership. Problems discussion Outsourcing, regardless a powerful economic and business strategy, does not always ensure success to the outsourcesr involved in the entire process. There are many drawbacks in outsourcing operations. It might help a company on cost saving, focus on core business; enhance capacity for innovation, wider experience and knowledge, etc. However, there are some arguments on guaranteeing quality of service, qualifications of outsourcee, standpoint of labor. Once a company determined which projects will be outsourced, they have to know why outsource and when to be carry out, how to prevent from mistakes while outsourcing. CONCEPTUAL STUDIES In this part we will explain the concept of supply chain management and outsourcing as well as their relationship from the point of view of different available and established theories and literatures. In this section our goal is to elaborate more about outsourcing in a theoretical frame. Supply Chain Management (SCM) A customer focused definition is given by Hines Supply chain strategies require a total systems view of the linkages in the chain that work together efficiently to create customer satisfaction at the end point of delivery to the consumer. As a consequence costs must be lowered throughout the chain by driving out unnecessary costs and focusing attention on adding value. Throughput efficiency must be increased, bottlenecks removed and performance measurement must focus on total systems efficiency and equitable reward distribution to those in the supply chain adding value. The supply chain system must be responsive to customer requirements. SCM describles a longer channel, stretching from raw materials to components to final products to final buyers. To implement an efficiency and effective supply chain systems take lots of time to design and manage, and so many companies nowadays decided to outsource parts of logistic function to a 3rd party services provider. Then they can allocate more resource and pay more effort on their core business. The Trend of Outsourcing There are no constrains to any functions which can be outsourced or not to be outsourced. To enhance the levels of competition, many organizations have started to consider in developing and maintaining the range of expertise and skills needed to compete effectively. This need has led many companies to engage with various kinds of sourcing; like outsourcing (Oshri, I., Kotlarsky, J., Willcocks, L.P., 2009) Definition of Outsourcing Different authors have defined the outsourcing that covers a wide scope of the concept of outsourcing. The word of outsourcing can be split as out and source which means sourcing externally. Some simple definitions of outsourcing are given as follows contracting with a third service provider for the management and completion of a certain amount of work, for a specified length of time, cost, and level of service (Oshri, I., Kotlarsky, J., Willcocks, L.P., 2009, p 4) A contract is the means by which the planning, responsibility, knowledge, and administration of processes is transferred to an external party (McCarthy Anagnostou, 2004, Blumberg, 1998) According to Franceschini, F. et al., 2003, Outsourcing is a managerial approach usually taken for delegating the responsibility to an external source for carrying out the operation of production process or services of an enterprise. In these contexts, it can be summarized that, outsourcing is an agreement between buyer and supplier(s) to avail processes or services that the buyer is providing internally at present; with an intention to reduce cost, increase focus on core business, improve quality of products and services and to ensure more flexibility. Evaluation Process for Outsourcing An organization needs to maintain an operational cycle to conduct the outsourcing operation. There are the outsourcing life cycle brought up by M.J., Desouza, K.C., Bonifazi, C. (Source: Power, M.J., Desouza, K.C., Bonifazi, C., 2006) Strategic assessment As the first stage of the outsourcing process, strategic assessment is the crucial activity in the whole life cycle of outsourcing. The organization should identifie a certain business case and assesses the potential benefit of adopting the outsourcing as a strategy. Needs analysis After completion of the strategic assessment, the next step for the organization is to define the needs and more specifically areas of the needs that are needed to be focused on. Vendor assessment Organization goes for soliciting, evaluating and choosing the vendor for its outsourcing needs. Contract and negotiation management To be engaged in negotiations (and renegotiations) until an agreement is reached about the details of outsourcing work. Project initiation and transition This is the most influential stages of the outsourcing relationship. The client organization slowly starts to hand over the control of the work to the outsourcee. Outsourcer should always pay attention to deal with emergent issues and smooth out any problems that occur. This stage marks the foundation of the continued relationship. Relationship management To keep up to date with the outsourcing relationship Continuance modification or exit strategy Organization must evaluate its current outsourcing contract to see if its best interest lies in continuing, modifying or exiting the relationship. Motives for Outsourcing Cost Efficiencies: Cost reduction has been the prime motive for outsourcing (Ford, D., et al., 1993). To develop a complete product is always expensive for a company as it needs huge investment to improve products and production process through continuous research and technology development. Outsourcing reduces the cost of the client company in this area as the service providers invest in this area to meet up the demand of the buyers in a large scale. In this way, a company can achieve the competitive advantages in the market reducing the cost through outsourcing process. Focus on Core Business: Every company has some activities that are not as essential as compared to its core business functions. By sourcing non-core business activities a company can focus on its core business in a better way. So, the efficiency of a company is likely to increase as more time and resources are focused only on the core business functions (Davis, J., 2002). In addition, there are some other driving factors that encourage the buyer company to adopt the outsourcing strategy. Such as operational expertise, enhance the capacity for innovation, capacity management where the risk in providing the excess capacity is borne by the supplier. EMPIRICAL STUDIES IKEA Hong Kongs Concept and History They offers a wide range of well-designed, functional home furnishing products at prices so low that as many people as possible will be able to afford them. This is the idea at the core of everything IKEA does, from product development and purchases to how they sell their products in retail stores. IKEA can make a good-quality product for a high price, or a poor-quality product for a low price. But to make good products at low prices, they need to develop methods that are both cost-effective and innovative. This has been the focus of IKEA since its beginnings in Smà ¥land, Sweden. Maximizing the use of raw materials and production adaptation to meet peoples needs and preferences has meant that their costs are low. The IKEA way of doing things is to pass these cost savings on to customers. Importance of Select Reliable Outsourcee Under our investigation, IKEA Hong Kong has outsourced the home delivery and assembly services to an independent contractor. Basically, with return or exchange, home delivery and assembly services would be the final stage for company to provide services to customers. From ordering to delivery, IKEA takes at least three workings, even the staff give excellent customer services at retails store, the experience in store almost fade out after placing order. As the period from waiting order delivery to complete can replace the experience in store, services provide during these period of time is essential to decide will this customer return or not. No customers, no business, no sales. Those satisfied ones turns to be a loyal customers, otherwise, unsatisfied customers will bad month our company. Word of mouth is a reference to the passing of information from person to person. The influence of word of mouth is not measurable and difficult to rebuild company image. The dimensions of reliability; responsiveness; assurance; empathy; tangibility and cost in the service quality approach can be used in identifying critical factors that may suggest some ideas on selection of logistic services provider (LSP) (Kong Mayo, 1993; Bienstock, et al., 1997). Reliability Responsiveness Assurance Transit time Service Consistency Document Accuracy Responsiveness Variety of Services Express Delivery Global coverage Updated rates Track and Trace Containerization Consolidation Reputation No Goods Damages Empathy Tangibility Cost CRM Employee Courtesy Location Modern Equipments Own CFS E-services EDI Price Discount Credit term Case Study I: Apple Computer and TNT Express (See Appendix I) Apple Computer has been outsourced its delivery services to TNT Express. There would be a list of complaint about the services of TNT Express. The complaints are regarding to package missing, long delivery time, with recomfirm to package receiver. FINDINGS Apple Computer outsourcing its delivery services to TNT, every one who place the order from Apple store knew this. Once the order is placed, there are an implication of customers are agreed to let TNT Express to take over the duty of product delivery. Unlike IKEA Hong Kong, the delivery materials of contractors like trucks, boxes are printed in IKEA logo. It is difficult for customer to identify they are not the staff of IKEA. In order to protect the image or reputation, IKEA should ensure the contractor can perform like an IKEA staff, i.e., the delivery worker should have basic product knowledge, especially for solving the enquiries during the process of services delivery. That is unreasonable to say we are contractor rather than direct staff of IKEA. Customer service is any contact between a customer and a company, which can cause a negative or positive perception by a customer during services delivery. As an outsourcer, they may state clear of relationship between outsourcer and outsourcee may reduce complaints caused by misunderstanding. The case of Apple, sometimes online checking system of TNT Express does not show the actual product delivery status. Those complainers about product delivery did focus on the services provider TNT Express instead of complaining the Apples decision making on contractor selection. Case Study II: Survey on Outsourcing of Government Activities on 2002 and 2004 (See Appendix II) The Efficiency Unit of HKSAR has been conducted a survey about outsourcing of governemt activities as at 2002 and 2004 since 2000. In this two reports, it showed, over 80% of bureaux and departments have beed outsourced at least one function to an indepentend contractor. FINDINGS According to the report on 2004, those functions which occupied the most expenditure were capital works constraction, building property management and environmental hygiene are the top three outsourced functions. By analyzing the pattern of annual expenditure, the fluctuation of transport services is the most serious among the listed functions. The ratio of reducing expenditure is the most significant as well. In 2000, the expenditure was around $1 billion and then it dropped to $0.1 billion in 2002. Unlike other services categories, transport services were doubling up the expenditure on 2004. The focus of outsourced function of IKEA Hong Kong is the delivery services, it may categorize as transport services among the government functions. Reference to the expenditure on different services categories, transport services it is did not donminated the propular function of being outsourced. Reference to the page 6 of survey on 2004, there are current satisfaction of outsourcees performance. Around half of the outsourcee full met the requirement of outsourcer. Yet there is also another half that only partially fulfill. CONCLUSION IKEA is now the worlds largest furniture retailer; they have a fixed group of partners on manufacturing, purchasing and supply functions, design and development of products in the IKEA range. For distribution they have their own logistics center Europe is located in Dortmund, Germany and Asian logistic center is located in Singapore along with its IT base. To retaining customers, they have the customer relation system of IKEA Family. IKEA perform well in Europe no matter for SCM, marketing and customer retention. In Hong Kong region, they also have a good SCM, even they outsourced parts of service to an independent services provide. Yet the seldom to hear so negative comment to those outsourced services. Furthermore, under our investigation, we found that only one contractor took over the job of delivery, assembly services. The part that would appreciate is even the delivery services are being outsourced, IKEA Hong Kong still having a backup delivery term in-house. Once there are any conflicts or under peak seasons of ordering, IKEA can take over part of the order themselves. However, it is difficult to understand why they have not launch the loyalty card in Hong Kong. To strength the loyalty of customer, which is important to understand the purchase pattern of customers, in order to give related promotion and information to encourage them repeating purchase. There are no absolute anwser for good to be outsoure or not to be.Companies should adopt a planned approach towards outsourcing taking into account the interests of employees and customers alike and come up with a balanced advance. The cycle of evaluation process for outsourcing is a good model for a company which would interest in outsourcing a/some particular function to a 3rd party services provider. For those companies which have been outsourced, a regular evaluation on before and after outsourcing is important. In todays dynamic marketplace, there are no rules can last till the end. The one who wants to be dominant of the market, they should keep track on of market trend, find out the competitive advantage and having a periodical review companys performance from time to time. APPENDICE http://discussions.apple.com/thread.jspa?threadID=2537721start=0tstart=0 APPENDICE http://www.complaintsboard.com/complaints/tnt-shipping-c41785.html APPENDICE Some links of complaint about TNT Express when taking over the order from Apple Computer. http://www.uwants.com/archiver/?tid-10549683.html (a brief survey hold by some forum members) http://www1.17t17p.com/viewthread.php?tid=452427 http://boardreader.com/thread/Apple_HK_TNT_FRUSTRATION_9udfX1jc6j.html http://discussions.info.apple.com/click.jspa?searchID=-1messageID=12054701

Language acquisition Essay

Nature and nurture are two ways of determining the factors that are involved into the human nature. My goal in this essay is determining what are the main factors involved in the acquisition of the language in a human. By the extension of both terms, I will extend these two terms not only in the way of acquisition but also in the way of learning a language. Why? Because language is basically communication and not only children learn how to speak a language, adults can also learn. Nature Nature is the fact in which genetics and biological factors are involved. The meaning of this term affirms that is the individual the responsible of its own growing and in its extremist significance, society and enviroment does not anything to do with human learning. In the nature position, there is a branch which affirms that the brain is divided into modules and one of this has an prenatal predisposition for acquiring language. For instance: FOX P2 is a gene that is involved into the acquisition of language in children. The mutation of this gene may cause disruptions in the speech of the individual, including the unability of pronouncing any intelligible word. The most visible fact that makes nativism a theory is babies’ babbling. Children receive stimuli since the moment they are born and the way they react to that words is unique. For example, babies pay attention and react the stimulus sucking while their mothers are talking their L1 but they do not so if they are listening to other language, even if it is their mother voice. This theory is mainly supported by famous investigators such as Avram Noam Chomsky, Jerry Fodor or Ludovica Serratrice. Nurture Nurture is the fact that involves the family and the enviroment into the acquisition of a language. This theory suggests that the language is acquired by social relationships. Its most extreme position points out that human can only learn language by the exposition to it and the innateness of language is impossible: there is no genetical predisposition for learning a language for a newborn until he is into an advanced age. Nurture in language supports the idea that motherise is the origin of the language in children. The most important division of this ideology is the behaviourism, followed by Burrhus F. Skinner and Ivan Petrovich Pavlov. Behaviourism says that everything that human could learn is done by imitation. However, this theory is not valid because it cannot explain why human can create sentences that had never heard. However, in its nowadays line of thinking, admits that genetics have something to do with acquiring language. For example, a baby that sees a lollipop and wants that item would try to catch her mother attention by moaning and pointing at it. This is the first step in the communication. The second one will be acquire enough words for transmitting that information. This fact has a genetic impulse given by the recently discovered â€Å"gene of happiness†, named as 5-HTTLPR, a serotonin transporter who is able to produce satisfaction. The debate Although the debate seems to be stuck in favour of nature, there are things that make me think about what is true in both stands. Coming back to that child sitting on that wheelchair, trying to say to her mother that he is desiring that lollipop from that shop, I must say there are a lot of factors that child ignores. First of all, the reaction of calling his mother is an attempt of communication based on the newborn innate reaction of crying. When a baby cries, requires attention and this evolves into a more mature reaction that is moaning. The trouble of this idea comes when the child acquires the words. This lexicon is acquired by their environment, the family and the rest of society that has a kind of relationship with the individual. However, it is known that this child owns a genetic disposition for making structures in language but he has to learn it from others. Genes or family? Here resides the question. Logically, with these parameters already set it would not be possible to be carried to mistake. On a study looking for heritable factors took with children who were adopted, brothers and twins, it revealed that language is inherited by parents in a lower range. But genes also respond to signals from environmental factors, not just the characteristics which the individual started. if genes would determine everything in a person, society would not be possible. This receptivity allows a cultural belonging and the same behaviour into a community. Of course heritable factors are in the mix, giving the sense of family. In terms of linguistics, children first learn from their families and after a few years they learn other kind of language with a â€Å"second family†. Acquiring that language allows a person to enter into a specific community as teenagers start listening to rock music if their friends like it. An experiment took in Minnesota, United States, by T. J. Bouchard Jr determined that twins reared apart and reared together had different levels of happiness. Monozygotic twins reared together showed more correlation in genes than the ones carried apart. So heritable factors are not concluding in the study. The debate balances in favour of the nurture side talking about second language acquisition. Why is not learning a language as easy as children do. Children have a period for learning a language. Chomsky has proved in several studies that syntax can be acquired until seven years old and phonetics until sixteen. Further of these range of age, learning for a person is impossible if it is about L1 and difficult for L2, even elder the individual is. â€Å"Jenny case† is the evidence of this. Jenny was a girl who was treated as a dog since she was born, abandoned in a room of her parents’ house without any contact with people. When the police found them, she was eleven years old and she was unable to acquire language. In case of second language, everybody who attended a class of a foreign language and met a retired man attending those classes should know by experience that man would not learn that language even he works hard on it. Conclusion A native speaker is the result of himself and the society. Parents have a part in acquisition, as the society does. Bibliography http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky#Linguistics http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Nature_versus_nurture#Nature_and_nurture http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Language_acquisition#Representation_of_language_acquisition_in_the_brain.

Global Prevalence Of Hypertension Health And Social Care Essay

High blood pressure is a major contributing factor for cardiovascular disease. WHO report ( 2002 ) showed that India may be the largest cardiovascular disease load in the universe by the twelvemonth 2020. WHO report in India 2005 stated that prevalence of high blood pressure was increased by approximately 30 times among urban community people and by approximately 10 times among the rural community people. Many causes might hold contributed to this lifting tendency such as lifestyle alteration, alteration in diet and stress, increased population and unemployment have been implicated. High blood pressure is a â€Å" ignored disease, † harmonizing to a study released by the Institute of Medicine ( IOM ) . Despite high blood force per unit area being the cause of decease in one of six grownups and the greatest individual hazard factor for decease from cardiovascular disease, 1000000s of people are developing, populating with, and deceasing from high blood pressure. The decennary from 1995 to 2005 saw a 25 % addition in the decease rate from high blood force per unit area, the study notes. The Institute of Medicine study besides highlighted the fiscal barriers to take downing blood force per unit area. Surveies have shown that the cost of medicines to patients is significantly related to patient attachment ; this is particularly apparent in patients with low income, chronic unwellness, and multiple prescriptions. Kalavathy et al. , ( 2000 ) High blood pressure is one of the major community wellness job in India. This one found from several Indian urban and rural studies. More surveies shows a prevalence rate of high blood pressure among urban population runing from 1 % in 1949 to 36 % in 2003 and for rural people from 1.97 % in 1958 to 20.2 % in 1994. Determining the degree of high blood pressure and besides differing age groups representing the survey population so the rates are different. Developed states with a more aging group will be expected to hold a higher prevalence of high blood pressure than a underdeveloped state with a younger group such as India, but some surveies, which have documented a high prevalence rate of high blood pressure in developing states. Few late conducted studies from Western India shows high prevalence of systolic high blood pressure at old age groups ( bulk in age group of 70 old ages ) , among Kerallite 51.8 % from South India and Assamese 63.63 % .Every twelvemonth about 5.3 hundred thousand Indians dice of high blood pressure related coronary disease. It has been found from in a survey Northen india that the incidence of high blood pressure increased from 3.98 % in 1963 to 26.78 % in 2000 among work forces while the incidence of high blood pressure increased from 6.67 % to 27.65 % among adult females. Systolic high blood pressure has been considered to be one of the most of import causes of morbidity and mortality taking to major diseases like shot, cardiovascular and nephritic diseases. Urban survey in India had shown a more per centum of population in the pre high blood pressure phase. Excess competition in academic field is one of the emphasis for the younger people in India and besides unemployment. Number of surveies have already explained that the relationship between Blood force per unit area and hazard of bosom diseases. Pre hypertensives have more opportunity to travel into phases of high blood pressure. Hence it is besides possible that the immature stressed people with prehypertensives degree of blood force per unit areas may be at hazard factor to develop bosom diseases. This survey accent on two demands such as sleep and command blood force per unit area. Adequate slumber is indispensable demands for human existences.The human being needs remainder & A ; slumber to conserve energy and good being, prevent weariness, supply organ to reprieve and alleviate tenseness. Sleep want consequence in a lessening in organic structure temperature, a lessening in immune system map. If sleep continues over a longer clip it increases the hazard of more serious wellness jobs such as weakened immune system, diabetes mellitus, depression, high blood force per unit area and fleshiness. There are place remedial steps to better slumber such as utilizing comfort devices, devouring warm milk, reading narrative book and by supplying good airing.Non pharmacological intercessions to take down blood force per unit areaThere is turning grounds that non pharmacological intercessions lower high blood force per unit area. These intercessions are non dearly-won and are by and large good in advancing good wellness. They besides help in cut downing the cardiovascular hazard factors with a small cost. ( Joyce M. Black ) Indian Medical Association 2001 study â€Å" In pull offing high blood pressure, antihypertensive drugs have of import function, but focal point may be directed towards some lifestyle alterations † . Dietary alteration, physical activities may act upon the minimize of Blood force per unit area. Body weight decrease, less alcohol consumption, limitation of salt and besides K, Ca supplementation can better the procedure of take downing Blood force per unit area. Fiber rich diet either and low Na could cut down the Blood force per unit area by about 5 millimeters Hg among high blood pressure clients. Other than this, behavioural alterations like halt smoke, regular exercisings, relaxation therapies like yoga, etc, have good consequence on high blood pressure clients. The consequence of lifestyle alterations may forestall a demand of drug direction for high blood pressure. For this all hypertensive clients should be tried ab initio one or more of the lifestyle alterations. Gupta 1997 recommends progressive relaxation, deep external respiration exercising and yoga may assist to cut down the blood force per unit area. TK Luqman -Arafath study 2002 shows that the mortality rate from both Ishemic bosom disease and stroke doubles while every 20 mmHg systolic or 10 mmHg diastolic rise in Blood force per unit area. In fact, even minimal decrease in Blood force per unit area among the general population could decidedly cut down cardiovascular events. For illustration, a 3 mmHg decrease in systolic Blood force per unit area would take to an 8 % decrease in stroke mortality rate and a 5 % decrease in mortality rate due to coronary arteria disease. There has been increasing of import gives to the preventative steps like regular exercisings, express joying combined with speculation, less ingestion of intoxicant, cut down the consumption of Na and the Dietary alterations to take down the Hypertension rate. Many literatures reveal that laughter therapy helps in cut downing the blood force per unit area. Laughter promises a utile attack to intervention of high blood pressure. Systematic instruction of laughter therapy exert a positive influence on a client with hypertensive reduces blood force per unit area.The Benefits of laughter therapyLaughter therapy is an first-class type of exercising.The laughter therapy has three types, in the first type, one laughs freely and aloud with unfastened oral cavity, in the 2nd type, one laughs without any sound with closed oral cavity and in the 3rd type, one pours out loud effusions of laughter through the pharynx like neighing of Equus caballus. A figure of research surveies reveals that laughter has many wellness benefits. During the thirteenth century Surgeons used wit to deflect patients from hurting entirely. Later, in the twentieth century, came the scientific survey of the consequence of laughter on overall wellness. Harmonizing to Kay Herth ( 1984 ) laughter as a emphasis fellow. Laughter has a built in equilibrating mechanism that encourages two measure action of stimulation and relaxation due to let go of of chemicals adrenaline and nor epinephrine. This reduces anxiousness, tenseness and depression. Therefore, it helps in extenuating several serious diseases such as high blood pressure, bosom disease, diabetes, anxiousness, insomnia etc. Fry states that laughter is a good aerobic exercising. He says that 100 laugh a twenty-four hours is equal to 10 proceedingss rowing or jogging. Berk, Tan, Fry et Al ( 1997 ) reported drawn-out emphasis creates unhealthy physiological alterations and Stress causes the adrenal secretory organs to let go of corticoids and emphasis endocrine alterations during gay laughter. In a survey at Canada ‘s University of Waterloo documented that laughter additions degree of immunoglobulin IgG and IgM and concludes that laughter consequences in improved unsusceptibility. Cognetal ( diary of behavior medical specialty ( 1997 ) has reported the ability of laughter to let go of musculus tenseness and helps to let go of neuropeptides which are organic structure ‘s natural hurting stamp downing agents. Therefore, laughter has multi drawn-out attack for the alleviation of hurting, in painful conditions such as arthritis, spondylitis, etc. Lloyd ( 1990 ) showed that laughter is a combination of deep inspiration and full halitus animating first-class airing and fantastic remainder.Thus laughter additions lung capacity and oxygenation.This would profit patients with lung diseases such as bronchitis, bronchial asthma. The findings of Dr.Lee Berk and Dr.Stanle ( 1999 ) during their more than 10 old ages research on laughter addition the figure of ‘activated ‘ T cells and increases the degrees of gamma interferon, a lymphokine that activates many immune constituents.Need FOR THE STUDYCoronary events such as a â€Å" bosom onslaught † are still the most common consequence of high blood pressure. Increased blood force per unit area is related to increased badness of coronary artery disease, shot, neuropathy, peripheral vascular diseases, aortal aneurism, and bosom failure. About all people with bosom failure have antecedent high blood pressure. If high blood pressure is left untreated, about half of hypertensive clients will decease of bosom disease, a 3rd will decease of shot, and the staying 10 % to 15 % will decease of a nephritic failure. High blood pressure is besides a â€Å" soundless factor † in the etiology of many deceases attributed to stroke or bosom onslaughts. These upseting tendencies indicate the demand for renewed energy in the conflict against high blood pressure. Hypertension related morbidity and mortality will non diminish until suppliers appreciate the demand for alterations in bing intervention protocols.Now chiefly bar focused and strongly urge usage of non pharmaceutical steps to forestall and handle high blood pressure. ( Joyce m.black, 2001 ) Harmonizing to Indian Express Bureau ( 2004 ) one in every 10 Indian suffer from high blood force per unit area.Now a yearss antihypertensive drugs are available to command blood force per unit area.These drugs have their ain side effects and are expensive. Non conformity to medicine is really common among hypertensive patients due to assorted grounds. Antihypertensive medicines entirely can non command blood force per unit area, physiological relaxation is really of import for keeping blood force per unit area. The research worker observed that most of the hypertensive patients had unequal cognition about significance, hazard factors, marks and symptoms sing high blood pressure and its related complications. The hypertensive patients do non follow the non pharmacological steps like exercising, emphasis cut downing activities like yoga and turning away of diet which contains more cholesterin. These patterns are non adopted by bulk of the patients largely because of unknowingness and deficiency of accent by the wellness suppliers. Sushil Bhatia, the editor of Lorvani ( 2004 ) , province that express joying combined with speculation, harmonises all our sense organs in a minute of entire concentration and brings equilibrium to mind, organic structure and external respiration which are like three bases of a rope. Peoples utilizing this therapy experience dramatic alleviation from upsets such as depression, migrane and high blood pressure. American Journal of Medical Science reported that emphasis endocrine alterations during gay laughter. The research worker during her clinical exposure in the community has observed that many older people are enduring from high blood pressure. Some hypertensive people are taking medicines, some are non taking medicine on a regular basis. Those hypertensive patients do non follow the non pharmacological steps like exercising and speculation. Based on the information showed on prevalence of high blood pressure, research worker recognized the demand for learning laughter therapy to the hypertensive people in this selected rural community. Therefore this survey was undertaken to measure the consequence of laughter therapy on blood force per unit area and slumber among patients with high blood pressure.STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMA survey to measure the consequence of laughter therapy on blood force per unit area and slumber among patients with high blood pressure in a selected rural community at Coimbatore.AIM OF THE STUDYThe chief purpose of the survey is to find whether laughter therapy mak es a important difference in blood force per unit area and slumber among hypertensive patients in comparing with the non receiving systems of laughter therapy.Specific OBJECTIVESThe specific aims of the survey are 1. To find the degree of blood force per unit area in the experimental and control group before and after laughter therapy. 2. To find quality of slumber reported by the sample in the experimental and control group before and after laughter therapy. 3. To find the association of blood force per unit area and slumber with demographic variables such as business, exercising and diet.HypothesisH1: There will be important difference in average systolic and diastolic blood force per unit area before and after intercession in experimental group. H2: There will be important difference in average systolic and diastolic blood force per unit area of the experimental and control group after intercession. H3: There will be important difference in average mark of slumber before and after intercession in experimental group. H4: There will be important difference in average sleep mark of the experimental and control group after intercession.OPERATIONAL DEFINITION1. Blood force per unit areaIt refers to the force per unit area of the blood within the arterias of the organic structure.When the ventricle of bosom contracts, blood is forced out into the aorta and travels through the largest arterias to the smallest arterias, arteriolas and capillaries. The pulsing extends from the bosom through the arterias and disappears in the arteriolas. The pulsing is measured by utilizing a sphygmomanometer and is expressed in millimeter of Hg.a ) Systolic blood force per unit areaIt is the maximal grade of force per unit area exerted by the blood against the wall of the blood vass during the ventricular contraction when the left ventricle is coercing the blood into the aorta. The first sound is called systolic blood force per unit area.B ) Diastolic blood force per unit areaThis is the lowest force per unit area that o ccurs when the bosom is in the resting period merely before the contraction of the left ventricle. The 2nd sound is called diastolic blood force per unit area.2. High blood pressureIt is defined as relentless lift of the systolic blood force per unit area and diastolic blood force per unit area from the normal degree. Normal blood force per unit area: 120/80 millimeter of Hg.3 STAGES OF HYPERTENSIONSystolic blood force per unit area Diastolic blood force per unit area Level of blood120 – 139mm of Hg. 80 – 89 millimeter of Hg pre high blood pressure 140 – 159 millimeter of Hg 90 – 99 millimeter of Hg phase I hypertension & gt ; 160 millimeter of Hg & gt ; 100 millimeter of Hg phase II high blood pressure3. SleepSleep is a province of remainder in which the nervous system is inactive, the eyes are closed, the musculuss are relaxed and the head is unconscious. The features of slumber can be verbalized by the individual who experiences the slumber. In this survey the self study of slumber is measured on a sleep graduated table.4. LAUGHTER THERAPYThe laughter therapy is an first-class type of exercising which control blood force per unit area by cut downing the release of emphasis related endocrines and brings about relaxation.Premise1. High blood pressure is more common among grownups than adolescent age group. 2. Blood force per unit area can be kept in control by medicine and lifestyle alteration. 3. Laughter could give alleviation from physical or mental emphasiss.Boundary line1. The survey is limited to one community. 2. The survey is delimited to patients within the age group of 40 to 60 old ages.Scope OF THE STUDYThe degrees of blood force per unit area and slumber are measured in hypertensive patients before and after intervention.If there is a important decrease in the blood force per unit area and positive result in the features of slumber of experimental group of sample, it is a clear effectivity of laughter therapy. Teaching laughter therapy is simple and it can be practiced easy. If the topics are able to execute this therapy without any trouble, this intercession is acceptable, it is clear indicant of the public-service corporation value of laughter therapy for hypertensive patients.The findings will be good to wellness patterns to actuate hypertensive patients and patients on antihypertensive drugs to command and keep their blood force per unit area at normal degree.CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKA conceptual theoretical account can be defined as a set of constructs and those premises that integrat e them into a meaningful constellation ( Fewett,1980 ) . The development of a construct was theoretical account is a cardinal procedure required before carry oning existent research.The model influences each province of research procedure. The conceptual model in nursing research can assist to supply a clear concise thought of cognition in the country. Conceptual frame work for this survey was a nursing procedure theoretical account based on Dorothy.E.Johnson ‘s behavioral system theory ( 1980 ) . Harmonizing to Johnson, nursing positions the person as a set of interrelated or mutualist parts working as an incorporate whole. Johnson identified seven subsystems. The subsystems are affliative, aggressive, dependence, eliminative, ingestive, renewing, and sexual. These subsystems carry out particular map for the system as a whole. Disturbance in any of the system normally affects the other. The stairss of the nursing procedure are incorporated with the Dorothy E. Johnson ‘s theoretical account. Nursing procedure is a deliberate activity where the pattern of nursing is performed in a systematic order. Johnson presents a three measure nursing procedure, the stairss are entitled nursing diagnosing which parallel the appraisal and diagnosing stage, the 2nd measure nursing end peers to the execution and 3rd measure is rating. This survey focused on kids and the dependence system which is one among the subsystems which result in blessing, attending, acknowledgment, and physical a id.AppraisalAppraisal is the procedure of roll uping informations sing each subsystem. Data on demographic profile ( age, instruction, business, income, nutrient and exercising wonts, history of antihypertensive medicines ) was collected.DiagnosisThrough appraisal from the subsystem jobs are identified and diagnosing is made and it provides footing for nursing intercession. In this survey the informations collected through observation of blood force per unit area and utilizing interview agenda. The diagnosing is made and categorized into prehypertension, phase I hypertension and stage II high blood pressure.Nursing endsAfter diagnosing is made the end is to keep or reconstruct the individual ‘s behaviour system balance, and stableness through planning intercessions. In this survey the end is to cut down blood force per unit area and to advance slumber.InterventionNursing activity is an external regulative force assists the individual to recover equilibrium. In this survey the nursing activity is to learn the laughter therapy techniques to the experimental group for a period of clip to convey alteration in the blood force per unit area and slumber.EvaluationEvaluation refers to look intoing the subsystem identified as debatable for balance and overall system stableness. In this survey the research worker compared the experimental group with the control group by utilizing the observation of blood force per unit area and self report quality of slumber given by sample. Figure -1 Highlights the conceptual model on modified nursing procedure based on Dorothy E. Johnson Behavioural System Model. Bellert, ( 1989 ) . Wit: A Curative Approach in Oncology Nursing. † Cancer Nursing,65-70. Brooks et.al. ( 1999 ) . Curative Humor.International Journal of Humor Research, 151-160. Buckwalter et.al. ( 1995 ) . The Humor and Individuality of Persons with high blood pressure. Journal of Gerontology Nursing,11-16. Erdman and Lynn. ( 1993 ) . Laughter Therapy for Patients with Cancer. Journal of Psychosocial Oncology, 55-67. Ferguson, Stephanie, et. Al. ( 1989 ) . Wit in Nursing. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing, 29-34. Galloway. ( 1999 ) . Benefits of Humor.International Journal of Humor Research, 301-314. Mallett and Jane. ( 1993 ) . Use of Humor and Laughter in Patient Care. † British Journal of Nursing,172-175. Matz and A. Brown ( 1998 ) , â€Å" Humor and Pain Management. † Journal of Holistic Nursing. : 68-75.ONLINE REFERENCEEnda junkins ( 2007 ) .The power of laughter retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //laughter therapy.webs.com. Gita Suraj Narayan ( 2009 ) .Laughter is a powerful signifier of complementary Medicinretrievedfrom hypertext transfer protocol: //www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/146449.php Gasto, R.Lack of slumber linked to increased hazard of high blood pressure.Archives of geriatrics and geriatrics:30 ( 1 ) :7-15.Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.medscape.com. John, tungsten ( 2004 ) .Non-pharmacological intercession of high blood pressure retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.science direct.com/science. Kazuo Murakami ( 2001 ) .Laughter therapy retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //copperwiki.org. Kazuo Murakami ( 2001 ) Laughter Cuts Health Costs retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.averagemiracles.org.